# DNA damage

DNA damage refers to chemical or structural alterations of the genome, including base modifications, single- and double-strand breaks, and crosslinks. It arises from reactive oxygen species, ionising radiation, UV light, and replication stress. Cells respond through DNA damage repair pathways; when overwhelmed, damage triggers senescence, apoptosis, or mutations. Genomic instability driven by accumulated DNA damage is a recognised hallmark of ageing and a cancer driver.

## Sources

- Hoeijmakers. (2009). DNA damage, aging, and cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804615
- Jackson & Bartek. (2009). The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08467

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_Canonical: https://longevity-germany.com/en/glossary/dna-damage · Part of Longevity Cities · Updated 2026-01-15_