Hallmarks of Aging

The Hallmarks of Aging are a set of interconnected biological processes proposed by López-Otín and colleagues to describe the molecular and cellular drivers of ageing. The 2023 update lists twelve hallmarks, including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, disabled macroautophagy, chronic inflammation and dysbiosis. They serve as the dominant framework for longevity research and intervention design.