PhenoAge

PhenoAge is a composite biological-age measure developed by Levine and colleagues in 2018. The original blood-based version combines nine clinical biomarkers including albumin, creatinine, glucose, C-reactive protein and white blood cell count with chronological age, calibrated against mortality. A DNA-methylation version, DNAm PhenoAge, transfers the score to epigenetic data. PhenoAge predicts all-cause mortality and multimorbidity better than chronological age and has been validated in several large cohorts, although clinical use is still emerging.